Africa

 Imperialism: To extend a country’s power through diplomacy/military force.
 * Africa (1850-1914 The Age of Imperialism) - Frances Sun, Cynthia Chan, Joyce Wong, Michelle Ang **

African Tribal Native The British colonization in Africa triggered the industrialization in Africa.
 *  What are some positive and negative consequences of technological progress and industrialization in the region you have been assigned? **

 There were lots of minerals in the African region. Many people moved from all over Africa to get a job as a miner, and many of the mined products were then exported to other countries. Zambia and Congo dominated the copper productions at the time.

The Europeans helped Africa set up a democratic government and modernized their once agricultural-based economy to a well-oiled trade colony. Africa was a undiscovered land of riches and produced way more than the Europeans were able to consume, and industries were all setting up colonies in Africa in order to protect markets for their goods, the profits from these goods was used to further refine the industrial revolution. However, the consequences of this massive industrialization could not be ignored, when diamonds was discovered in Kimberly and gold in Transvaal, everyone was thrown into a giant frenzy, fighting for the land rights. This was one of the consequences as many suffered in the Anglo/Boer war. **Nature:** This is a photograph of the British soldiers and their artillery during the First Anglo-Boer War. **Origin:** Taken at a camp by a possible photographer professionally, as it seems the soldiers were posing for a picture. This photograph was taken in 1880 during the war**.** **Purpose:** To record this historical moment and to have a group photo of their army. They may have also wanted to take a picture of them with their artillery. *this photography is currently at the Museum Africa. **Is your region technologically advanced for it’s time or not? Why do you think it is advanced or not?**

No, Africa is not technologically advanced for it’s time. In fact, it was one of the poorest continent in the world, and probably still is. It was not advanced for its time because of the strict control the Europeans held over their colonies to ensure none of them rebelled.  The another reason of Africa not having a industrial revolution is because the government was also very corrupted, the government only cared about themselves and they didn’t really care and focus on the industrial and technological development of the country. Even the technological gap was present before and during the time of The Age of Imperialism - Africa was quite behind in development and technology. This was very unfortunate, as the British advancement was very quick and they developed firearms and gunpowder a lot earlier than Africa. The only technological advancements were brought by the British during their rule in Africa. This made Africa very vulnerable during war. Nowadays, Africa receives a lot of aid from other countries, to help the society in terms of health, food, and shelter. **Do you think the society is operating effectively without interference? **

 During the time period of 1850-1914 in Africa, there were definitely a lot of interference politically in Africa - in fact, they were the exact opposite of not being interfered. Of all the countries in Africa, all but two were colonized by the British forces. However, there is not doubt that the British had Africa run pretty effectively - though in negative consequences to the African tribal natives. Firstly, the British colonizers took advantage to the large range of raw materials and resources that Africa naturally had. The British enslaved many Africans as slaves to build steam engine tracks to connect the countries in Africa. This made transporting supplies and raw materials a lot easier in Africa. Though the British rule brought much hardship to the native people of Africa, from taking their land to enslaving their people, their rule definitely helped improve Africa technologically and introduced many new inventions to the African colonies.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **Changes Towards the Turn of the Century 1850-1914**


 * <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technology and what it does || <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits  || <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences  ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Steam Engine (brought by the British colonizers) || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Provided the Africans with a much easier way of transport. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It made it a lot easier, safer, and quicker for the English colonizers to get to Africa. This further extended the imperialism in Africa. This also made shipping raw materials back to Europe a lot quicker and easier. Due to the demand of more raw materials, many of the African native people were enslaved. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Railroad (brought by the British colonizers) - Uganda Railway connecting Uganda and Kenya || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It helps to improve the transport system of Africa, and provided more jobs for the Africans. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It helps the British business men to get the goods like gold and diamond quicker which they can earn a lot of money in a short period of time and gain over the control of Africa. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Telegraphs (brought by the British colonizers) || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It was easier to communicate with others. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Access to telegraphs were in limited. Some households had them, others didn’t. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">High Tech medical sciences || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It provided the African a better healthcare which ultimately improve the GDP rate of Africa. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The British had a lot more knowledge on the prevention of tropical diseases in Africa that were a huge threat to the during the time. This made Africa a lot safer for the British colonizers. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European firearms within the army (rifles and machine guns) || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Colonials who served in the European army picked up on this new technology, brought the downfall of the Europeans rule. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">With the new technology and knowledge of the firearms and war, it was a lot easier for the Europeans to keep back the native people of Africa. ||




 * Nature:** This is a photography taken of native Africans building the Uganda Railway during the British rule and colonization in Africa.
 * Origin:** It is a photograph taken possibly by a photographer. This photography was taken between 1890-1923, when the Uganda Railway was being built to connect Uganda and Kenya.
 * Purpose:** This was probably created just to record the building of the railway. It may have been to show someone the progress of the building, or just for record purposes of the building.


 * <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Social or Political Event || <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Who Benefits and How?  || <span style="background-color: #bdc0bf; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences  ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Missionaries attempt to Christianize Africa || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Europe benefits as Africa is further bound to them through religion. Christianizing also in a way educated the African people. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Native beliefs are discarded. Tradition and language were wiped away. Many of the African people were "brainwashed" from the British attempts to Christianize the Africans. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">First Anglo/Boer war || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Boer is restored as a republic. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Britain did not get the gold they had fought the war for. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Scramble for Africa (1886-1914) || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Africa on the whole was modernized, and new technologies were introduced. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European countries colonized all of Africa. The African native people were no longer in charge of their own land. The Europeans gained political control over all of Africa. A lot of hardships were brought to the African people, as many of the African tribal natives became slaves or were forced to work for the British colonizers. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Native Land Act || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Europeans are benifitted, as they get their pick on the best lands, and take up most of the land. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Natives loses their right to buy most of their land, with only 7% of the entire land mass of the Union available. Their own land is taken away from them and given entirely to the Europeans. ||


 * Nature:** This is a photo of the Treaty of Vereeniging, which ended the Second Anglo-Boer War.
 * Origin:** This is probably a scanned photo of the peace treaty. The treaty itself was created by the people who signed the treaty, and the treaty was signed on May 31st, 1902.
 * Purpose:** The treaty was created to put an end to the Second Anglo-Boer War.




 * Nature:** This is a photo of two Native Africans approaching a sign sporting "Caution, Beware of Natives" back to their rightful land.
 * Origin:** This was probably taken by a nearby photographer, probably to take a picture of the sign. This was taken in 1913 during the Native Land Act.
 * Purpose:** To show the people of their Native country that they are finally getting their land back after the British rule/invasion.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> What is the state of political and social development of your region? **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Africa people definitely were not very politically and socially developed. Not only did they not have a very modernized and organized government, they also were not very technologically advanced. Furthermore, most of Africa were still agricultural-based during the Age of Imperialism. They did not know much of the new inventions at the time such as the steam engine and firearm (before the British introduced it to them).


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What are the positive and negative consequences of revolutions and imperialism that occurred in your region? Provide examples of the political and social changes these created? **

Africa was under British rule for most of the time during the 1800's and the early 1900's. The British rule brought both negative and positive consequences to Africa's development. Though the British introduced many new types of technology and inventions to Africa, many of the Native African's were forced to work under the British. This resulted in problems such as slavery, in order to mass produce products, as well as forced religion (loss of freedom of religion). Many of the Africans were slowly brainwashed, while others were also converted into Christians. However, many positive changes were also brought to Africa. The African society became more modernized and civilized, and the education level in Africa also increased significantly. Therefore, the British rule and imperialism in Africa brought both positive and negative consequences to the country.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Examples of political and social changes are:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Slavery <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Forced Religion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Civilised society <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Modernized society <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Educated society <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Brainwashed society


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> How would you rank these regions in terms of their political and social development compared to another state or region? Are they ahead or behind? **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Africa was definitely behind in their political and social development compared to the European countries surrounding them. While other countries such as the Greate Britain were already progressing, becoming industrialized and had much knowledge on new inventions (telegraph, steam engine and whatnot), Africa continued to be agricultural-based throughout the period. Due to the lack of technology, firearms and political power, it made colonization of Africa extremely easy for the other European countries. By the end of 1914, all of the African countries were conquered by the European countries (except Ethiopia and Liberia). Therefore, I would rank Africa probably the lowest out of all the other state and regions, such as the British, the America's and Russia.


 * MLA Citations:**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jones, Jim. "Europe & Africa in the 19th Century." West Chester University's Online Web Courses. West Chester University, 2010. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/19thcent.htm>.

"Africa." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Aug. 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">__<http://www.school.ebonline.com/eb/article-37143>__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Unit Two: Studying Africa through the Social Studies." Exploring Africa. MATRIX. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m9/activity4.php>.

"Timeline: South Africa." Africa. BBC News, 21 June 2011. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1069402.stm>.

"The Native Land Act Was Passed." South African History Online. SAHO. Web. 26 Aug. 2011. <http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-was-passed>. Musuem Africa. British Soldiers and their artillery. Digital image. The First Anglo-Boer War: 16 December 1880 - 23 March 1881. South African History Online. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. <http://www.sahistory.org.za/south-africa-1652-1806/first-anglo-boer-war-16-december-1880-23-march-1881?page=0%2C1>. 1913 Native Land Act. Digital image. Timeline. Famento, Inc. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. <http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=810447>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "The Anglo Boer War in South Africa." South Africa Tours And Travel. South African Tourism, 2008. Web. 26 Aug. 2011. <http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/boer-war.html>. Sites you can use to learn more about technology, revolution and imperialism in Africa are listed below:

Exploration in Africa

Imperialism in Africa

Global Effects of Change- great stuff, but not global

Europe and Africa

More Europe and Africa

Colonialism in Africa