The+Americas

North, South, and Central America, and the Greater and the Lesser Antilles

Changes Towards the Turn of the Century 1850-1914


 * North America- USA and Canada **

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Possible Answer: From the period of 1850-1914, Industrial revolution/ Age of Imperialism, there are a lot of positive things. Those positive things include computers being invented,Howe's Sewing Machine was improved, transatlantic cable, telephone, phonograph, incandescent light bulb, induction electric motor, diesel engine, first airplane, the model T Ford were amongst a lot of inventions made during 1850-1914. Once new technology has been made or improved, it is a very high possibility that it is beneficial, as new and better technology can improve people’s live. The improvements include making one’s lives easier and more advanced. For example, in the old days, telegraph was a very popular and useful piece of technology. However, after some time, telephones and the frequent use of emails ‘took over’ the use of telegraph. The reason would be because it is easier, takes less time to communicate between one and another. =====

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Negative consequences of the industrial revolution include that other undeveloped, developing and developed countries have to catch up with the more advanced countries, as they’d probably like to maintain a nice status in the world countries’ comparison. However, the ‘competition’ to invent more new things may lead to inventions that don’t really work. (For example, the train incident in China) =====

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Possible Answer: Yes. Technology was advanced in the USA. North America and Western Europe were the most advanced countries in the world at that time. I think its advanced because industrialization also brought political, military and economic strength. Industrialization helped underwrite processes of imperialism and colonialism. Transportation, communication and military technologies also benefited USA vastly. USA lands vastly strengthened their position in the world by exercising political or economic influence over their societies.This then lead to the expansion of iron works, coal mines, foundries and railways. Transportation and communication improved by technological change producing the telegraph and steam shipping. =====

^ How coke is more effective as a fuel compared to coal.

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Possible Answer: Progress it to make improvement in something. In this case, progress is defined in how advanced and developed a country is. Civilization may also come into account for progress. Change was constituted firstly in United Kingdom, then it spread throughout Europe, North America and the world. =====

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(Questions to consider: What is social development? What is political development? What is imperialism? What factors are you using to define what is "ahead" or "behind"? Who is defining the benchmark or standard of what is civilized? Is this justified?) =====

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Possible Answer: Social development is the growth of a country as a community. Political development is how well or how developed the government has ‘controlled’ and built the country onward from that ‘basic/ fundamental point’. Imperialism is a system in which a country rules other countries, sometimes having used force to get power over them. Another definition of imperialism is when one country has a lot of power or influence over others, especially in political and economic matters. Factors to define countries that are ‘ahead’ or ‘behind’ include people, economy, transportation and military. For the ‘people’ factors, the factors include birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy at birth, deaths regarding certain diseases. Economy factors include GDP (purchasing power), GDP real growth rate, labor force, unemployment rate, distribution of family income, investment, public debt, inflation rate and so on. Transportation include the number of airport, railways, roadways, waterways, merchant marine and even facilities in an airport. As for military, it’s how advanced a country’s military technology is, number of soldiers and military expenditures. =====

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Possible Answer: North America and Western Europe were the most advanced countries at that time. Generally, they were both politically and socially stable. However, industrialization caused a great deal of discomfort. =====

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Possible Answer: Since revolution is a change in the way a country is governed, therefore it’s usually it’s a positive change. Negative consequences include a significant amount of money being lost, millions of people dead and so on. =====

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Possible Answer: The substitution of steel in place of iron. USA surpassed German and Great Britain in the production of steel. They made it useful in construction of machines, engines, railways, ships and armaments. This helps USA socially. USA also changed politically by having population increase, rise in national incomes, wage increases, drop in price of manufactured goods and food due to lower transportation costs and so on. Civil war was one of the biggest examples of political changes. The war ended by the Confederacy and slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation. =====

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Possible Answer: Politically, the US developed and advanced after the civil war. The civil war ended by the Confederacy and slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation. It was beneficial to part of the USA. African Americans benefitied from the Civil War the most as it led to the creation of the Civil Rights Act Of 1875. This act forbade the discrimination of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, had to be treated fairly in public accommodations. =====

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Possible Answer: During the industrial revolution, USA was ahead. This advantage and significant progress brought them to the present. Industrialization is a turning point in the United States, social and political development were successful, and rising economic infrastructure (GDP) and technology. =====

Deadly disease = Cause misery, pain and gradual death. ||
 * **Technology and what it does** || **Benefits** || **Negative Consequences** ||
 * Modern, more advanced transportation || Easier to move around from places to places || Cholera ‘delivered’ by modern transportation
 * Helps improve people’s lives || Makes people’s lives easier and more advanced (Ex: Telegraph --> Telephone, Email || High demand for new technology, might cause the workers to be in a rush to make new products because of the high demand and therefore cause technology malfunction ||
 * Cause competition between countries || Countries will be more motivated to invent new technology || Workers might suffer from over-laboring and that’ll cause death ||



__Advanced transportation__ -Transportation helped people move around. -Although it was a very useful technology, there were negative consequences that coupled with it. Those consequences include cholera spreading around the modern transportation. It was one of the main method of how one could 'recieve' cholera -Helped commerce and trading between merchants

-Business Owners -Greater Labor force -Boosts up economic infrastructure -Greater supply and demand from countries all over the world -Lead to having a higher status || Lack of planning, which lead to insufficient number of sewage, clean water and sanitation system Sexism- Women were usually hired, as a lower pay could’ve been given || -Time for traveling from places to another were reduced. || -Of the 86 workers, 75 died. Most of them crushed by the twisted steel; others by the fall; others drowned before the rescue boats reached them. -Almost all of the bridge collapsed, so most of the efforts were wasted. ||
 * **Social or Political Event** || **Who Benefits and How?** || **Negative Consequences (Losers?)** ||
 * Civil war || USA citizens, 27.5 million new arrivals- Greater labor force || Deaths caused, overcrowded and might be too hard for the government to handle such a sudden big crowd of new arrivals ||
 * Rapid urbanization || -The government
 * Quebec Bridge Disaster || -Citizens and travelers from all over the world that want to travel from places in Quebec to other places.

__Civil War__ -Civil war was an important part of the US. If it wasn't for the civil war, slavery might not have been abolished yet, and racism would be a growing problem. -After the Civil War, the development of improved industrial methods and the arrival of masses of immigrants eager for factory jobs launched a new era of mass production in the United States. -Thanks to the Civil war, it was forbidden for the discrimination of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, and all had to be treated fairly in public accommodations, according to the Civil Rights Act Of 1875

__Quebec Bridge Disaster__ -This is an example of trying to make technology advanced as fast as possible. -Such attempts usually follow consequences after a trial of events. -Although the Quebec Bridge would've set a record for being the longest bridge, however, Theodore Cooper (the engineer managing this job) wasn't worried that the bridge would collapse despite complains from the employees. -This lead to criticism of the bridge company for putting profits and technology above safety and for engineers that neglected their moral duties.


 * **Social or Political Event** || **Who Benefits and How?** || **Negative Consequences (Losers?)** ||
 * Reconstruction (Post Civil War) || African Americans because of the creation of the Civil Rights Act Of 1875.

This act forbade the discrimination of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, had to be treated fairly in public accommodations. || The reconstruction lead to the formation of the white-supremacist group, the Ku Klux Klan who was against the civil rights of blacks. ||
 * Slavery was banned in Chile in 1823, Uruguay in 1830, Argentina in 1853, Peru and Venezuela in 1854, and Brazil in 1888 || Slaves, abolitionists, human rights activists || Slaveowners, slave traders, slave traffickers, cheap labor, sugar cane industry, mining industry, coffee industry ||
 * Massive European immigration (especially Italians and Spaniards) into South America || Increased population, demographic diversity, economic growth, coffee industry || Increased population, demographic diversity ||
 * Numerous conflicts leading to wars between South American nations (such as civil wars in Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, as well as international wars such as the Platine War, the War of the Triple Alliance, and the War of the Pacific) || The winning sides of the wars, land successions, weakening of the losing sides, dominance in the region, economic and political influences || The losing sides of the wars, loss of life, loss of land, loss of power and influence, economic devastation, catastrophe to the areas where the battles took place, financial difficulties ||

===Central America- Mexico = Ancient cultures === What are some positive and negative consequences of technological progress and industrialization in the region you have been assigned? Possible Answer: The positive and negative consequences of technological progress and industrialization in Mexico wasn’t a lot. One of the biggest incident- The Mexican Revolution lasted from 1910 to around 1920 reset the political and social of Mexico.

Is your region technologically advanced for it’s time or not? Why do you think it is advanced or not? Do you think the society is operating effectively without interference? Possible Answer: Not really, because they didn't use much technology. Therefore I don't think it was not advance. However yes i do think the society is operating perfectly when there werent much technology in the society.
 * < **Social or Political Event** || **Who Benefits and How?** || **Negative Consequences (Losers?)** ||
 * < Until the last decades of the nineteenth century, Mexico faced the twin problems of chronic political instability and slow economic growth. During the period of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship (1876-1911), however, a series of institutional reforms reignited growth and created rents that enabled the Díaz government to threaten its opponents with military force or to buy them off. || Mexico was benifited || The other countries ||

Primary Source

__A picture of the revolutionary soldiers__ This picture was taken by Agustin Casasola. The photographer took this picture in 1914. I believe it was created because Agustin Casasola wanted to record this historical event. Timeline:
 * 1876-1910 Dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (Porfiriato)

Porfirio Díaz , (born Sept. 15, 1830, Oaxaca, Mex.—died July 2, 1915, Paris, France), soldier and president of Mexico (1877–80, 1884–1911), who established a strong centralized state that he held under firm control for more than three decades.
 * 1910 Presidential Elections (Díaz wins)

 José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (September 15, 1830 – July 2, 1915) was a Mexican-American War volunteer and French intervention hero, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N. Méndez as interim president, and a four-year term served by his political ally Manuel González from 1880 to 1884.
 * 1910 Plan de San Luís Potosí – Mexican Revolution begins

The Mexican Revolution lasted from 1910 to around 1920. This was a time of political and social unrest in Mexican history. It began with efforts to oust president Porfirio Diaz and officially came to an end with the promulgation of a new constitution.
 * <span style="background-color: #feffff; color: #5e725e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #feffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1911-1913 Francisco Madero President <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Francisco Madero <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, in full Francisco Indalecio Madero (born Oct. 30, 1873, Parras, Mex.—died Feb. 22, 1913, Mexico City), Mexican revolutionary and president of Mexico (1911–13), who successfully ousted the dictator Porfirio Díaz by temporarily unifying various democratic and anti-Díaz forces. He proved incapable of controlling the reactions from both conservatives and revolutionaries that his moderate reforms provoked, however.
 * <span style="background-color: #feffff; color: #5e725e; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #feffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1913-1914 Victoriano Huerta Dictatorship <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Victoriano Huerta (1854-1916) was a Mexican general and political leader who, in 1913, overthrew the first government to emerge from the Mexican Revolution and became the executive of a counterrevolutionary regime.

"Mexico - History & Culture." //Geographia - World Travel Destinations, Culture and History Guide//. Geographia. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. < [] >.

"Francisco Madero." //Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online//. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. < [|**http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355751/Francisco-Madero**] >.

"Porfirio Díaz." //Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online//. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. < [|**http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/161912/Porfirio-Diaz**] >.

Casasola, Agustin. "Revolutionary Soldiers." //Latin American History//. Agustin Casasola. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. < [] >.

" [|Victoriano Huerta.] " Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. //Encyclopedia.com.// 29 Aug. 2011< [|http://www.encyclopedia.com] >.


 * South America **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What are some positive and negative consequences of technological progress and industrialization in the region you have been assigned? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the beginning of the 20th century, they were at the tail end of the industrialization process along with Africa and Asia, which made them fairly behind in the constant international battle for influence. However, they did somehow catch up later on, which led to the modernisation as well as urbanization of these nations, so they could now compete in the modern world without much disadvantage set when they were still fighting for land and power.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is your region technologically advanced for it’s time or not? Why do you think it is advanced or not? Do you think the society is operating effectively without interference? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">No. The delay of its technological revolution is mainly due to its independence wars as well as many conflicts that happened between the nations, which cost all of them a lot financially and economically. And although the mass European immigration into Latin America did accelerate its economic and technological progress, these South American nations still had started the industrialization race a lot later than its northern counterparts.

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c0504d; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the state of political and social development of your region? =====

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Most of the Latin American nations had just completed their independence, and during the period they abolished slavery, accepted mass immigration from Europe, and had numerous wars among each other. =====

__Primary Sources:__ __(photograph, Robert Edward Holloway, 1866, to show the world the advanced technology of that area)__ Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. "History, Social Change." Countries Quest. Microsoft Corporation. Web. 27 Aug. 2011.

Nature: Photograph Origin: About 1900 Purpose: The photographer wanted to show the world what 1900 trains were like.

Flickr. //Trains- a Set on Flickr//. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Aug. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/museemccordmuseum/sets/72157625746176552/>.

Citations:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Clem, Andrew. "Latin American Wars." Andrew Clem. 9 Mar. 2005. Web. 27 Aug. 2011. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. "History, Social Change." Countries Quest. Microsoft Corporation. Web. 27 Aug. 2011. Holloway, Robert Edward. //Great Eastern at Hearts Content, July 1866//. Digital image.//Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Wikipedia. Web. 30 Aug. 2011.